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--- wiki:protected_area [2016/08/30 10:27] – apolderman
+++ wiki:protected_area [2017/08/17 14:56] (current) – apolderman
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-==== Protected Area ====
+===== Protected Area =====
 === Definition ===
-The most used definition of **protected areas** comes from the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Their definition states that “//a protected area is a clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values//” (IUCN Definition 2008).
+The most used definition of **protected areas** comes from the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) ((http://www.iucn.org)). Their definition states that “//a protected area is a clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values//” (IUCN Definition 2008).
 ((https://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/gpap_home/pas_gpap/ Retrieved 30.3.2016)) IUCN uses different management categories of protected areas based on the level of human involvement/activities. These categories range from ‘strict nature reserve’ to ‘protected area with sustainable use of natural resources’. In the online World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) all protected areas globally that meet the IUCN definition of protected areas are listed ([[http://www.protectedplanet.net/]]).
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 === Non-Conventional Approaches ===
-It is important to note that biodiversity is not only conserved through conventional approaches, in other words by means of protected areas backed by state support. Besides the conventional protected areas , there are also indigenous community conserved areas, and conserved areas through environmental NGO programs. Moreover funding for acquiring and managing protected areas does not only come from the state, but also more and more from or other funding sources  such as philanthropic contributions, and payments for ecosystem service mechanisms. According to Watson (2011, 71) these non-conventional sources “have the potential to be crucially important future alternative funding sources, as do mechanisms such as offsets and ‘debt-for-nature swaps’ from the corporate sector. ((Watson, J.E.M., N. Dudley, D. B. Segan & M. Hockings 2014. The performance and potential of protected areas. //Nature// 515: 67–73. doi:10.1038/nature13947. Retrieved 11.4.2016))
+It is important to note that biodiversity is not only conserved through conventional approaches, in other words by means of protected areas backed by state support. Besides the conventional protected areas , there are also indigenous community conserved areas, and conserved areas through environmental NGO programs. Moreover funding for acquiring and managing protected areas does not only come from the state, but also more and more from other funding sources  such as philanthropic contributions, and payments for ecosystem service mechanisms. According to Watson (2011, 71) these non-conventional sources “have the potential to be crucially important future alternative funding sources, as do mechanisms such as offsets and ‘debt-for-nature swaps’ from the corporate sector. ((Watson, J.E.M., N. Dudley, D. B. Segan & M. Hockings 2014. The performance and potential of protected areas. //Nature// 515: 67–73. doi:10.1038/nature13947. Retrieved 11.4.2016))
 === Protected Areas in Europe ===
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 The most important European networks of protected areas are Natura 2000 and the Emerald network. Besides these networks, countries have also national protected areas (although there is quite some overlap between these two). Europe (EU28) currently has a protected area of 25,6% (national protected areas and or Natura 2000). Although the number of protected areas is high in Europe compared to other regions in the world, the average size is quite low due to high degree of fragmentation in Europe (infrastructure, urbanization and intensive land use).(( http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer-2015/countries-comparison/biodiversity#note4 Retrieved on 15.4.2016)) Of the national protected areas in Europe, 76,9% is 100 hectares or smaller and 34,5% of the Natura 200 areas are 100 hectares or smaller. ((http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/biodiversity/protected-areas/facts-and-figures/number-and-size-of-protected-areas-1 Retrieved 15.4.2016)) Large scale protected areas can be found especially in countries with a low population density such as Sweden. In Europe there is also a high diversity in aim and management approach of the protected areas. The most common IUCN categories of terrestrial protected areas are national parks (II), habitat/species management area (cat. IV) and protected landscapes/seascapes (cat.V). Categories IV and V are the most common in marine protected areas.(( http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer-2015/countries-comparison/biodiversity#note4 Retrieved 15.4.2016)) It is estimated that the economic benefits of Natura 2000 range from 200 to 300 billion euro, while the costs for the management and protection of the protected area is estimated at 5,8 billion euro.((http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/financing/docs/Economic%20Benefits%20Factsheet.pdf Retrieved 20.04.2016))
--> return to the [[wiki:glossary|Glossary]]
+=== See also ===
+[[wiki:glossary|Glossary]]
+~~DISCUSSION~~
+{{tag>"nature conservation" "natural resource management"}}
+~~DISCUSSION~~