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====== Symbolic Alpine plants and animals, landscapes- Supply ======

==== General description: ====

<font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>The distribution of selected plant and animal species (Table 1) in the study area was derived from actual distribution maps of the individual species or by modelling their potential habitat if the former were not available.</font>

<font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Table 1: Selected symbolic species that were identified for the European Alps (Schirpke et al., submitted).</font>

| |**<font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Symbolic species</font>** |
|**<font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Fauna</font>** |<font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Alpine ibex (//Capra ibex//)</font>|
| |Brown bear (Ursus arctos)|
| |<font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Chamois (//Rupicapra rupicapra//)</font>|
| |<font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Golden eagle (//Aquila chrysaetos//)</font>|
| |<font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Marmot (//Marmota marmota//)</font>|
|**Flora** |<font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Alpenrose (//Rhododendron hirsutum//, //Rhododendron ferrugineum//)</font>|
| |<font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Edelweiss (//Leontopodium alpinum//)</font>|
| |<font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Gentian (//Gentiana acaulis, Gentiana clusii//)</font>|
| |<font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>European larch (//Larix decidua//)</font>|
| |<font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Pine (//pinus cembra, Pinus halepensis //and// P. brutia, Pinus mugo, Pinus nigra, Pinus pinaster, Pinus pinea, Pinus sylvestris//)</font>|

==== Input Data ====

  * DEM
  * Land cover
  * Temperature

==== Calculation processes: ====

**(1) Calculate distribution of Alpine ibex**

The distribution map of Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) (Aulagnier et al., 2008a) was downloaded from [[http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/42397/0|http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/42397/0]] and converted to a raster map. The values of the raster map indicate the presence (1) or absence (0) of the species.

**(2) Calculate distribution of brown bear**

The distribution map of brown bear (Ursus arctos) was redrawn from the DINALP BEAR Population Status Report 2016<sup>1</sup>   , distinguishing between permanent and sporadic distribution. The polygon shapefile was converted to a raster file. The values of the raster map indicate the presence (1), sporadic presence (0.5), or absence (0) of the species.

**(3) Calculate distribution of chamois**

The distribution map of chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) (Aulagnier et al., 2008b) was downloaded from [[http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39255/0|http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39255/0]] and converted to a raster map. The values of the raster map indicate the presence (1) or absence (0) of the species.

**(4) Calculate distribution of golden eagle**

Occurrences of golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) since the year 2000 were downloaded from GBIF.org<sup>2</sup>   . For all points, a buffer of 9 km, which corresponds to the core home range (Soutullo et al. 2006), was calculated using ArcGIS standard routines and converted to a raster map with a spatial resolution of 100 m. The values of the raster map indicate the presence (1) or absence (0) of the species.

**(5) Calculate distribution of marmot**

The spatial distribution of marmot (Marmota marmota) was modelled based on Galluzzi et al. (2017), applying the following steps:

  * Selection of raster cells with elevation between 2,000 and 2,500 m a.s.l. from DEM
  * Calculation of slope from DEM and selection of raster cells with slope between 0° and 20°
  * Calculation of aspect from DEM and selection of raster cells with south-facing aspect (112.5–247.5°)
  * Selection of raster cells with subalpine–alpine open grasslands, shrubs and heath (CORINE 231-Pastures, 321-Natural grasslands, 322- Moors and heathland, 323-Sclerophyllous vegetation, 333-Sparsely vegetated areas)

All raster cells were classified to 1 if they met the selected criteria; all other raster cells were reclassified to 0. All raster cells fulfilling all different criteria were then mapped by multiplying all single layers.

**(6) Calculate distribution of edelweiss**

The spatial distribution of edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum) was modelled based on Ischer et al. (2014), applying the following steps:

  * Calculation of slope from DEM and selection of raster cells with slope > 30°
  * Selection of raster cells with a mean summer temperature (June–August) < 10°
  * Calculation of aspect from DEM and selection of raster cells with south-facing aspect (112.5–247.5°)
  * Selection of raster cells with subalpine–alpine open grasslands with a low grass cover (CORINE 321-Natural grasslands, 333-Sparsely vegetated areas)

All raster cells were classified to 1 if they met the selected criteria; all other raster cells were reclassified to 0. All raster cells fulfilling all different criteria were then mapped by multiplying all single layers.

**(7) Calculate distribution of gentian**

The spatial distribution of gentian (Gentiana acaulis, Gentiana clusii) was modelled based on Bilz (2013) and Oberdorfer et al. (2001), applying the following steps:

  * Selection of raster cells with elevation between 800 and 3,000 m a.s.l.
  * Selection of raster cells with subalpine–alpine grasslands with a low grass cover (CORINE 231-Pastures, 321-Natural grasslands, 333-Sparsely vegetated areas)

All raster cells were classified to 1 if they met the selected criteria; all other raster cells were reclassified to 0. All raster cells fulfilling all different criteria were then mapped by multiplying all single layers.

**(8) Calculate distribution of alpenrose**

The spatial distribution of alpenrose (Rhododendron hirsutum, Rhododendron ferrugineum) was modelled based on Francon et al. (2017), applying the following steps:

• Selection of raster cells with elevation between 1,600 and 2,200 m a.s.l.

• Calculation of slope from DEM and selection of raster cells with north, west, and northwest-facing slopes (0–67.5°, 292.5–365°)

• Selection of raster cells with mainly shrubs (CORINE 323-Sclerophyllous vegetation, 324-Transitional woodland-shrub, 333-Sparsely vegetated areas)

All raster cells were classified to 1 if they met the selected criteria; all other raster cells were reclassified to 0. All raster cells fulfilling all different criteria were then mapped by multiplying all single layers.

**(9) Calculate distribution of larch**

The distribution maps for the European larch (Larix decidua) provided by Da Ronch et al. (2016) were reclassified to presence (1) using a threshold of 0.3 or absence (0).

**(10) Calculate distribution of pine**

The distribution maps for the Pine (pinus cembra, Pinus halepensis and P. brutia, Pinus mugo, Pinus nigra, Pinus pinaster, Pinus pinea, Pinus sylvestris) provided by Caudullo and de Rigo (2016) were reclassified to presence (1) using a threshold of 0.3 or absence (0).

**(11) Calculate symbolic species index**

After calculating for all selected symbolic species the zonal statistics for all municipalities, an area-weighted index was obtained by summing the mean values of the different species within each municipality and rescaling them to values from 0 to 1.

{{:en:20181701symbolic_species_supply.jpg?nolink&3117x2273}}

{{:en:test_legens.jpg?nolink&500x297}}

<font 12px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>__References: __</font>

<font 12px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Aulagnier S, Giannatos G, Herrero J (2008b) Rupicapra rupicapra. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T39255A10179647[http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39255A10179647.en] Downloaded on 01 June 2017</font>

<font 12px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Aulagnier S, Kranz A, Lovari S, Jdeidi T, Masseti M, Nader I, de Smet K, Cuzin F (2008) Capra ibex. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T42397A10695445. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T42397A10695445.en.Downloaded on 26 May 2017</font>

<font 12px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Bilz M (2013) Gentiana acaulis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T203217A2762385. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T203217A2762385.en.</font>

<font 12px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Caudullo G, de Rigo D (2016) Pinus cembra in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats. In: San-Miguel-Ayanz J, de Rigo D, Caudullo G, Houston Durrant T, Mauri A (Eds.), European Atlas of Forest Tree Species. Publ. Off. EU, Luxembourg, pp. e01bd9b+ Da Ronch F, Caudullo G, Tinner W, de Rigo D (2016) Larix decidua and other larches in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats. In: San-Miguel-Ayanz J, de Rigo D, Caudullo G, Houston Durrant T, Mauri A (Eds.), European Atlas of Forest Tree Species. Publ. Off. EU, Luxembourg, pp. e01e492+</font>

<font 12px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Galluzzi M, Armanini M, Ferrari G, Zibordi F, Scaravelli D, Chirici G, Nocentini S, Mustoni A (2017) Habitat Suitability Models, for ecological study of the alpine marmot in the central Italian Alps. Ecological Informatics 37:10-17</font>

<font 12px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Ischer M, Dubuis A, Keller R, Vittoz P (2014) A better understanding of the ecological conditions for Leontopodium alpinum Cassini in the Swiss Alps. Folia Geobotanica 49:541-558</font>

<font 12px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Oberdorfer E, Schwabe A, Müller T (2001) Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete. 8. Auflage, Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim), ISBN 3-8001-3131-5, pp. 756</font>

<font 12px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Schirpke U., Meisch C., Tappeiner U., (submitted) Symbolic species as a cultural ecosystem service in the European Alps: insights and open issues. Landscape Ecology</font>

<font 12px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Soutullo A, Urios V, Ferrer M (2006) How far away in an hour? Daily movements of juvenile Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) tracked with satellite telemetry. Journal of Ornithology 147:69-72</font>

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