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wiki:biomass_production_from_grassland_-_supply [2018/07/11 09:58] – sebastianwiki:biomass_production_from_grassland_-_supply [2018/07/12 11:19] (current) – eurac
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 ====== Biomass production from grassland - Supply ====== ====== Biomass production from grassland - Supply ======
  
-**<font 14.0pt/inherit;;black;;inherit>General description:</font>**+==== General description ====
  
-<font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>The approach presented here is comprised of two main parts. The first part (steps 1 and 2) assesses the **optimal yield** (ES potential) according to the length of the growing season, the respective growth functions and the specific land use types. The second part refines the biomass productivity according to region-specific precipitation patterns (steps 3 to 7) and local small-scale topographic conditions (steps 8 to 10), in order to provide more reliable **local yield estimates **(ES status).</font>**<font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Figure</font>**  **<font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>1</font>**<font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>describes</font><font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>in</font><font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>detail</font><font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>the calculation procedure to derive the Supply (DM kg/ha) for each local administrative units (LAU2) of the Alpine Space.</font>+The approach presented here is comprised of two main parts. The first part (steps 1 and 2) assesses the **optimal yield** (ES potential) according to the length of the growing season, the respective growth functions and the specific land use types. The second part refines the biomass productivity according to region-specific precipitation patterns (steps 3 to 7) and local small-scale topographic conditions (steps 8 to 10), in order to provide more reliable **local yield estimates ** (ES status). **Figure 1 **describes in detail the calculation procedure to derive the Supply (DM kg/ha) for each local administrative units (LAU2) of the Alpine Space. 
 +==== Input data ====
  
-**__<font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Input data:</font>__  ** +  * DEM (slope, aspect) * Precipitation (in mm) * Climate Data (number of Vegetation days, start of growing season) * Land use types (intensively used, moderately used and extensively used grassland, Natural Grassland (CLC)…)
-  * <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>DEM (slope, aspect)</font>* <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Precipitation (in mm)</font>* <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Climate Data (number of Vegetation days, start of growing season)</font>* <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Land use types (intensively used, moderately used and extensively used grassland, Natural Grassland (CLC)…</font>+
  
-**__<font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Calculation processes:</font>__ **+==== Calculation processes ====
  
-**<font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>(1) Calculate Vegetation Days</font>**<font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>(</font><font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>days</font><font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>with</font>//<font 12.0pt/inherit;;black;;inherit>T</font>// <sub><font 12.0pt/inherit;;black;;inherit>mean</font></sub><font 12.0pt/inherit;;black;;inherit>≥ 5 C)</font>+<font 14px/inherit;;black;;inherit>**(1) Calculate Vegetation Days** (days with// T//</font><sub><font inherit/inherit;;black;;inherit>mean</font></sub><font inherit/inherit;;black;;inherit>≥ 5 C)</font>
  
-<font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>The approach is based on the assumption that biomass production does not start if the daily average temperature is below 5°C, hence the year is divided into a growing season and a dormant season.</font>+<font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>The approach is based on the assumption that biomass production does not start if the daily average temperature is below 5°C, hence the year is divided into a growing season and a dormant season.</font>
  
-**<font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>(2) Calculate Optimal Yield</font>**+<font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>**(2) Calculate Optimal Yield**</font>
  
-__<font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>This</font>____<font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>is</font>____<font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>done</font>__<font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>according</font><font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>to</font><font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>the</font><font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>productivity type of the grassland types of your study area. In the table below you find the factors we used for the Alpine-wide approach according to the dataset we had at our disposal.</font>+<font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>__This is done __according to the productivity type of the grassland types of your study area. In the table below you find the factors we used for the Alpine-wide approach according to the dataset we had at our disposal.</font>
  
-|   \\  **<font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Land use type</font>** |   \\  **<font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Productivity type</font>** | +|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>**Land use type**</font>|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>**Productivity type**</font>| 
-|   \\  <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Permanent Grassland</font>|   \\  <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>4</font>| +|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Permanent Grassland</font>|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>4</font>| 
-|   \\  <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Natural Grassland (CLC)</font>|   \\  <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>3</font>| +|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Natural Grassland (CLC)</font>|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>3</font>| 
-|   \\  <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Natural Grassland (HRL)</font>|   \\  <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>3</font>| +|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Natural Grassland (HRL)</font>|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>3</font>| 
-|   \\  <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Bogs</font>|   \\  <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>2</font>| +|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Bogs</font>|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>2</font>| 
-|   \\  <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Dwarf bushes</font>|   \\  <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>2</font>| +|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Dwarf bushes</font>|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>2</font>| 
-|   \\  <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Larch meadows</font>|   \\  <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>1</font>| +|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Larch meadows</font>|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>1</font>| 
-|   \\  <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Alpine grasses</font>|   \\  <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>1</font>|+|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Alpine grasses</font>|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>1</font>|
  
-<font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>The **optimal yield** is then derived using the following functions, where x is the number of vegetation days.</font>+<font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>The **optimal yield** is then derived using the following functions, where x is the number of vegetation days.</font>
  
-|   \\  <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Forage type</font>|   \\  <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Yield function (dt/ha)</font>| +|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Forage type</font>|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Yield function (dt/ha)</font>| 
-|   \\  <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>4</font>|   \\  <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>y=(0.0021*(x²))-(0.419*x)+93.774</font>| +|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>4</font>|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>y=(0.0021*(x²))-(0.419*x)+93.774</font>| 
-|   \\  <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>3</font>|   \\  <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>y=(0.0007*(x²))-(0.1513*x)+26.585</font>| +|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>3</font>|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>y=(0.0007*(x²))-(0.1513*x)+26.585</font>| 
-|   \\  <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>2</font>|   \\  <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>y=(0.0006*(x²))-(0.1613*x)+25.321</font>| +|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>2</font>|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>y=(0.0006*(x²))-(0.1613*x)+25.321</font>| 
-|   \\  <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>1</font>|   \\  <font 12.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>y=(-0.00007*(x²))+(0.1084*x)-4.7726</font>|+|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>1</font>|   \\  <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>y=(-0.00007*(x²))+(0.1084*x)-4.7726</font>|
  
 //<font 9.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>(Figure 1: Yield calculations Source: Egger, G., et al.</font>// //<font 9.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>(2004). GIS-gestützte Ertragsmodellierung zur Optimierung des Weidemanagements auf Almweiden.</font>// //<font 9.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Irdning, Irdning: BAL. Modified by Jaeger and Tasser)</font>// //<font 9.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>(Figure 1: Yield calculations Source: Egger, G., et al.</font>// //<font 9.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>(2004). GIS-gestützte Ertragsmodellierung zur Optimierung des Weidemanagements auf Almweiden.</font>// //<font 9.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Irdning, Irdning: BAL. Modified by Jaeger and Tasser)</font>//
 +
 +<font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>**(5) Indicate Growing ****Season****Start**** and End** in days of the year (DOY)</font><font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>If no specific data is available for your test region, you can use a DEM-based method (i.e. Krautzer et. al. 2012) to approximate the start of the growing-seaso</font>n.
 +
 +  * <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>**(3) Calculate start of growing season based on DEM** (DOY)</font>. <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Here the example function we used for the entire Alpine space:</font>[(0.0689*DEM)+0.4444]
 +  * <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>**(4) Calculate end of growing season. **</font><font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Start of Growing Season + Vegetation Days (in DOY)</font>.
 +
 +<font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>**(6) Calculate average precipitation needed during growing season**</font>
 +
 +  * <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Sum the average precipitation data for the growing season (in mm).</font>
 +
 +<font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>**(7) Optimizing (reducing) regional yield by applying a correction factor if precipitation during the growing season is below a certain threshold**</font>
 +
 +  * <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>precipitation sums (in mm) in vegetation season are lower than (Vegetation days * 3.33) **then** the regional yield (unit: dt) ⇒ regional yield =</font>[<font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>(Precipitation in growing season (in mm) / Vegetation days * 3.33) * optimal yield</font>]
 +  * <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>**else** use optimal yield.</font>
 +
 +<font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>**(8) Calculate slope yield**</font>
 +
 +  * <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Calculate the yield reduction caused by slope because of radiation reduction</font>* <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>the slope is > 10, **then** use the following formula [(1- (Slope/ 100)) * regional yield], **else** keep the regional yield value.</font>
 +
 +<font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>**(9) Reclassify **the “Aspect raster” to “Aspect modified” in preparation of step (10)</font>
 +
 +  * <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>For the purposes of the model, simplified aspect values are required that account for losses caused by radiation decrease due to unfavorable exposition. Only values between 0° (north) – 180° (south) are valid inputs, where 90° refers to both east and west exposition. The reduction factors range between 0% and 20%, respectively for southerly and northerly facing slopes. We applied a linear distribution of the **reduction factor** from south to north.</font>* <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Hence, first aspect values have to be reclassified and inverted using the following form</font>ula: <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>**//aspect_recl =//**</font>//**<font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>180 - (180 - (Aspect - 180)</font>** //
 +  * <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>And second, this raster has to be multiplied with its specific **reduction factor**. **//Aspect modified = aspect_recl * reduction factor//**</font>
 +
 +<font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>The result is the layer **„Aspect modified“** with cell values ranging from 0 (for southern faced slopes) up to 20 (for northern faced slopes).</font>
 +
 +<font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>**(10) Calculate local yield**</font>
 +
 +  * <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>In the final step local yield is calculated without the losses caused by exposition:</font>* <font 14px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>the Annual Precipitation <= 1500 mm **then** use the following formula: [(100 - (Aspect modified / 2)) / 100) * Slope Yield] **else** this other formula [((100 – Aspect modified) / 100) * Slope Yield)].</font>
 +
 +__<font 12px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>References:</font>__
 +
 +__<font 12px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Krautzer, Bernhard, Christian Uhlig, and Helmut Wittmann. "Restoration of Arctic–Alpine Ecosystems."Restoration Ecology: The New Frontier 189 (2012)</font>__
 +
 +__<font 12px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Egger, G., et al. (2004). GIS-gestützte Ertragsmodellierung zur Optimierung des Weidemanagements auf Almweiden.Irdning, Irdning: BAL. modified by Jaeger and Tasser et al.</font>__
 +
 +__<font 12px/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Urthaler, K. (2016). Modellierung und Validierung des landwirtschaftlichen Ertrages der Grünlandflächen Südtirols. Institut für Ökologie. Innsbruck, Leopold Franzens Universität. Master of Science</font>__
  
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wiki/biomass_production_from_grassland_-_supply.1531295886.txt.gz · Last modified: 2018/07/11 09:58 by sebastian