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Ekosistemske storitve

Ljudje smo (ne)posredno povezani z ekosistemi, ki nam nudijo številne življenjsko pomembne koristi: vse od opraševanja naših pridelkov do duhovne vrednosti. Vse skupaj, torej koristi, ki jih ljudje dobimo od ekosistemov, imenujemo ekosistemske storitve (ES) (Millenium Ecosystem Assessment 2005) . ES so tako dobrine (npr. les) kot storitve (npr. filtracijska sposobnost vode). Njihovo znanstveno preučevanje se je začelo v 1960ih (De Groot et al. 2002))1) . V zadnjem desetletju je število raziskav zelo naraslo, predvsem pri preučevanju možnosti za vključevanje te teme v odločevalske procese.

Skupine ES

Milenijska ocena ekosistemov (The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005)2) deli ES v štiri kategorije:

Ta okvir je eden izmed najpogosteje uporabljenih in sprejetih razdelitev ES. S tem, ko se veča naše razumevanje ES, iščemo tudi nove načine identifikacije in vrednotenja posameznih ES. To predstavlja pomemben korak pri vključevanju ES v odločevalske procese. Za ocenjevanje različnih tipov ES uporabljamo kazalnike, ki kvantificirajo njihove trende.

Zakaj so ES pomembne

Uporabna vrednost koncepta ES kot tudi raziskave posameznih ES se kažejo pri možnosti vključevanja teh informacij v večanje trajnostnega krajevno usmerjenega odločanja (Villamagna et al. 2013)3) ). Načrtovanje rabe naravnih virov, razvoj infrastrukture, upravljanje z varovanimi območji, turistični razvoj in ostalo so povezani z ES. Ti sektorji so odvisni od ES, a nanje vršijo tudi pritiske, predvsem na učinkovito zagotavljanje storitev. Raziskave področja ES pa poudarjajo ravno to medsebojno povezanost. Na primer ocenimo lahko količino vode, ki jo prefiltrirajo mokrišča in jo nato uporabi lokalno prebivalstvo. Vrednost te storitve je pomembna protiutež ekonomskim faktorjem, ki bi ta območja razvijala npr. v smeri pozidave. Pogosto lahko z ES predstavimo vrednost narave na način, da se jih ustrezno kvantificira in omogoča primerjave s tradicionalnimi ekonomskimi vrednostmi (Chan et al. 2012)4) . S študijami ES in njihovimi vrednostmi ter trgovanja med njimi (trade-offs) postajajo razmerja med aktivnostmi in rezultati vidnejša ter kot taka nudijo odločevalcem boljše možnosti za obvladovanje izzivov pri njihovem delu.

Ekosistemske storitve vključujejo raznolike dobrine in storitve, zato moramo za učinkovito implementacijo vseskozi iskati načine njihove identifikacije, karakterizacije in vrednotenja. Žal pa raziskave niso poenotene, kar vodi v različne terminologije, definicije in metodološke okvirje (Villamagna et al. 2013)5) . To ustvarja vseskozi prisoten izziv za uporabnike tega koncepta. Nekatere metode kategorizacije, ocenjevanje in vrednotenja ES so opisane spodaj.

Iniciative na temo ekosistemskih storitev

Obstaja kar nekaj obsežnih poiskusov metodološkega oukvirjenja in vrednotenja ES v Alpskem območju, Evropi in po svetu. Nekaj pomembnih primerov takšnih iniciativ je:

  1. Projekt AlpES , ki proučuje ter vključuje ekosistemske storitve in politiko njihovega upravljanja v Alpskem območju. Nadaljnje informacije o projektu AlpES lahko najdete na spletni strani projekta.
  2. Milenjska ocena ekosistemov, ki ocenjuje vpliv sprememb ekosistemov na človekovo blaginjo na svetovni ravni. Za več informacij poglejte spletno stran Millennium Assessment.

Ekonomikaekosistemov inbiodiverzitete (The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity), je globalna iniciativa, ki se osredotoča na to, da „postane vrednost narave vidna“. Za več informacij poglejte spletno stran TEEB.

AlpES okvir ekosistemskih storitev

For the purposes of the ES evaluation in the AlpES Project, each ES is split into three aspects: supply, flow, and demand. The indicators used to assess ES are often different depending upon the category one is hoping to assess. Some notes on specific indicators are thus also included below.

ES Supply

Supply is the amount of an ES that can be delivered by an ecosystem. The supply of ecosystem services is strongly linked to natural conditions, e. g. land cover (vegetation), hydrology, soil conditions, fauna, elevation, slope and climate (Burkhard et al. 2010)6) ) . In order to better quantify the distinct pieces of supply, it is further broken down into 1.) potential and 2.) stock. This differentiation can aid in decision making.

  1. Potential refers to the hypothetical maximum yield of selected ES that can be used of gained from an explicit portion of an ecosystem (Burkhard et al. 2012, Albert et al. 2016)7) ) 8) ) . This term focuses on natural yields only, and thus does not consider the ways in which human activities can boost or diminish these yields. This means that it can be thought of without respect to current condition. Furthermore, the actual usage of the ES is irrelevant to its potential. Indicators for potential are often modeled based on the natural characteristics of an area.
  2. Stock refers to the share of currently usable ES provided by an ecosystem. This characteristic can be thought of as the sum the natural potential and any human alterations, which can be either positive or negative. For example, the addition of fertilizer induces stocks that are greater than potential. Thus, stocks may either fall below or above the potential and are the actual maximum yield of a selected ES for the existing conditions on the landscape. Indicators for stock are ideally, especially for provisioning ES, simply direct ecosystem properties (Villamagna et al. 2013)9) .
ES Flow

Ecosystem Service Flow is the de facto, or actual, amount of an ES (or bundles of ES) that is utilized from an ecosystem in a given time period (Burkhard et al. 2014, Albert et al. 2016)10) . Flow is easiest to conceptualize in provisioning ES; for example, the amount of fire wood taken out of a forest would be equal to the flow of the fuel wood provision ES. In other words, it is the amount or rate of an ES that is supplied to some beneficiary (Potschin et al. 2016)11) . Indicators for flow are thus often simply measurements of the amount of an ES used from a particular area in a given period.

ES Demand

Demand for an Ecosystem Service is the amount of the good or service that is currently consumed or used in a particular area over a given period, regardless of where the ES are derived from (Burkhard et al. 2012)12) . For example, the amount of firewood burned in a village over a year, even if the majority of this wood is imported. Demand is a characteristic that can be measured across a multitude of scales, ranging from local demand for recreation opportunities, to global demand for carbon sequestration.

Ecosystem Services in the Alpine Space

As part of the AlpES project, eight ES services have been selected for evaluation and mapping across the Alpine Space:

  1. Biomass production from grasslands
  2. Fuel wood
  3. Protection of areas against avalanches, mudslides, and rockfall
  4. Outdoor recreation activities (including enjoyment and willingness to preserve)
  5. Symbolic plants, animals, and landscapes.

Now that the ES have been selected, indicators for each will be developed. They will then be evaluated and mapped for the Alpine Space as part of the AlpES project.

1)
De Groot, Rudolf S., Matthew A. Wilson, and Roelof MJ Boumans. „A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services.“ Ecological economics 41.3 (2002): 393-408.
2)
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis . Island Press (2015), Washington, DC.
3)
Chan, Kai MA, Terre Satterfield, and Joshua Goldstein. „Rethinking ecosystem services to better address and navigate cultural values.“ Ecological economics 74 (2012): 8-18. .
4)
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5)
Burkhard, Benjamin, Franziska Kroll, and R. Costanza. „Maps of ecosystem services, supply and demand.“ Encyclopedia of Earth, Environmental Information Coalition. National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington, DC (2010).
6)
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7)
Albert, Christian, et al. „Towards a national set of ecosystem service indicators: Insights from Germany.“ Ecological Indicators 61 (2016): 38-48
8)
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9)
Villamagna, Amy M., Paul L. Angermeier, and Elena M. Bennett. „Capacity, pressure, demand, and flow: A conceptual framework for analyzing ecosystem service provision and delivery.“ Ecological Complexity 15 (2013): 114-121.
10)
Burkhard, Benjamin, et al. „Ecosystem service potentials, flows and demands-concepts for spatial localisation, indication and quantification.“ Landscape Online 34.1 (2014): 1-32.
11)
Potschin, Marion; Haines-Young, Roy; Heink, Ulrich; Jax, Kurt (Hg.). OpenNESS Glossary (V3.0). Prepared by the “Glossary editorial team”. Online (2016): http://www.openness-project.eu/glossary
12)
Burkhard, Benjamin, Franziska Kroll, Stoyan Nedkov, and Felix Müller. „Mapping ecosystem service supply, demand and budgets.“ Ecological Indicators 21 (2012): 17-29.
sl/wiki/ecosystemservices.1490778328.txt.gz · Zadnja sprememba: 2017/03/29 11:05 uporabnika irsnc